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| kapak perunggi ditemukan di Dondai, Jayapura – dok. Penulis/De Lomes. |
Penelitian Balai Arkeologi Papua di Situs Bobu Uriyeng, Kampung Dondai, Distrik Waibu, Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua berhasil menemukan kapak perunggu. Kapak perunggu ini berjenis kapak corong.
Kapak perunggu didapatkan oleh warga Dondai, yang sedang berkebun menanam siapu atau sejenis umbi menjalar.
Bobu uriyeng merupakan bukit di tepi Danau Sentani. Kapak perunggu yang ditemukan di Situs Bobu Uriyeng–merupakan komoditas perdagangan jarak jauh pada masa prasejarah.
Setelah kemunduran jaringan dagang orang Lapita dari Pulau Manus, Britania Baru sekitar 2500 tahun yang lalu di Pasifik, ada bukti-bukti konkret tentang transaksi antara Asia Tenggara dan Papua.
Kapak perunggu yang menjadi komoditas perdagangan, kapak perunggu yang ditemukan di Danau Sentani diproduksi di Dongson, tempat yang saat ini merupakan wilayah bagian utara Vietnam, sekitar 2400 hingga 2100 tahun yang lalu.
Kapak perunggu yang ditemukan di Danau Sentani dibuat dengan teknik a cire perdue.Teknik ini yaitu benda yang dikehendaki dibuat terlebih dahulu dari lilin, lengkap dengan segala bagian-bagiannya.
Kemudian model dari lilin itu ditutup dengan tanah. Dengan cara dipanaskan, maka selubung tanah ini menjadi keras, sedangkan lilinnya menjadi cair dan mengalir ke luar dari lubang yang telah disediakan di dalam selubung itu.
Jika telah habis lilinnya, dituanglah logam cair ke dalam rongga tempat lilin tadi. Dengan demikian logam itu menggantikan model lilin tadi.
Setelah dingin semuanya, selubung tanah dipecah, dan keluarlah benda yang dikehendaki itu. Kapak perunggu yang ditemukan di Situs Bobu Uriyeng berukuran panjang 13,5 cm lebar 9,5 cm dan tebal 1,5 cm.
Adalah suatu hal yang hampir mustahil apabila orang Dongson, utara Vietnam mengadakan hubungan langsung dengan Papua. Jadi, dapat diasumsikan bahwa masuknya kapak perunggu yang ditemukan di Danau Sentani adalah dengan cara melalui serangkaian perantara yang termasuk dalam suatu jaringan perdagangan dari Asia ke timur.
Pada waktu itu, komoditas dagang yang paling dicari para pedagang luar dari orang Papua adalah burung cenderawasih.
Lalu penelitian Balai Arkeologi Papua di Danau Sentani bagian barat berhasil menemukan Situs Yope. Situs Yope terletak di Kampung Dondai, Distrik Waibhu, Kabupaten Jayapura.
Oleh masyarakat setempat, yope berarti kampung di teluk. Yope merupakan sebuah teluk, bagian dari Danau Sentani.
SITUS YOPE DIPERCAYA OLEH MASYARAKAT DONDAI PERNAH DIJADIKAN PERKAMPUNGAN OLEH NENEK MOYANG MEREKA. PENELITIAN ARKEOLOGI DI SITUS YOPE BERHASIL MENEMUKAN GERABAH PRASEJARAH MOTIF BUAYA DAN BANDUL JALA TERBUAT DARI TANAH LIAT YANG DIBAKAR.
Dalam mendapatkan artefak-artefak ini, tim peneliti Balai Arkeologi Papua melibatkan nelayan tradisional Dondai, artefak berada di dalam air.
Balai Arkeologi Papua memiliki keterbatasan peralatan menyelam, nelayan tradisional Dondai terbiasa molo, yaitu menangkap ikan sambil menyelam. Mereka mampu menyelam cukup lama dalam air.
Artefak-artefak yang ditemukan berupa pecahan maupun utuh.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan dikaitkan dengan konteks lingkungan sekitar, maka Yope pada masa lalu merupakan hunian prasejarah, dengan rumah-rumah panggung di atas permukaan air.
Yope dipilih oleh manusia prasejarah untuk dihuni dengan pertimbangan berada di Danau Sentani yang menjadi sumber air tawar, sumber bahan makanan berupa berbagai jenis ikan dan moluska, terdapat hutan sagu yang pohonnya menghasilkan tepung sagu, ulat sagu, daun dan pelepahnya dapat dijadikan bahan konstruksi rumah.
Temuan bandul jala membuktikan bahwa manusia penghuni Yope pada waktu itu beraktivitas menjala ikan, berdasarkan studi etnoarkeologi pada budaya Sentani, sebelum dikenal jala modern, mereka membuat jala dari pintalan serat kulit pohon melinjo.
Lingkungan sekitar Yope juga dikenal sebagai daerah habitat buaya Nugini (Crocodylus Novaeguineae), sehingga gerabah motif buaya yang ditemukan dapat diasumsikan bahwa gerabah tersebut dibuat di Yope.
Hal ini merupakan data baru, selama ini Abar di Danau Sentani bagian tengah dikenal sebagai penghasil gerabah. Sehingga dulu di Yope, Sentani bagian barat penghasil gerabah, namun budaya ini telah punah.(Red, De Lomes)
Penulis: Hari Suroto, Peneliti di Balai Arkeologi Papua
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Most of us like to partake in a little vino, a cocktail, or a nice cold brewski every now and then…
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