Prahara Sudan: Cermin Kemajemukan Indonesia

41 views

Oleh: 
Prof. Sumanto Al Qurtuby

Sudan (nama formalnya “Republik Sudan” atau “jumhuriyyah al-sudan”), yang diambil dari kalimat Arab “bilad al-sudan” atau “negeri orang-orang kulit hitam”, adalah salah satu negara termiskin di dunia dengan tingkat atau kualitas ekonomi, kesehatan, dan pendidikan yang sangat buruk.
Penduduknya banyak yang mati kelaparan karena malnutrisi, selain serbuan penyakit yang ganas. Di negeri yang berada di kawasan Afrika timur-utara ini dikenal sebagai sarang penyakit malaria, campak dan tuberkolosis yang sangat akut. Selain mati karena kelaparan dan penyakit, juga lantaran kekerasan.

Memang betul, selain negeri miskin dan penyakitan, Sudan juga dikenal sebagai negeri konflik dan perang yang merenggut banyak nyawa manusia.

Bacaan Lainnya

Sejak zaman bahula, Sudan menjadi area perang berbagai suku-bangsa (dan agama): Nubia, Arab, Turki, Inggris, dan etnik-etnik Afrika, dan berbagai rezim silih-berganti menguasai Sudan: Kush, Nubia, Sennar, Turkiyah, Mahdi, Anglo-Mesir, dsb.

Meskipun secara resmi merdeka tahun 1956, perang antarfaksi tak kunjung usai. Selama kurang lebih 17 tahun, sejak kemerdekaan dideklarasikan, hingga tahun 1972, Sudan dilanda “Perang Sipil” yang maha dahsyat. Perjanjian Addis Ababa diteken pada tahun 1972 tetapi hanya berumur sementara.

Perang Sipil kembali meletus pada awal 1980an hingga 2005 saat Comprehensive Peace Agreement ditandatangani. Itupun tidak menjamin konflik dan kekerasan berakhir hingga Sudan Selatan memisahkan diri pada 2011. Pisahnya Sudan Selatan, lagi-lagi tidak menjamin perdamaian terwujud. Kekerasan terus berkecamuk hingga kini. 

Konflik, kekerasan dan perang itu disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Berbagai kelompok ekstrim berbasis etnis, agama, dan politik menjadi kontributor besar dalam hal ini.

Sudan memang negeri yang sangat plural, baik dari segi etnis, agama maupun faksi politik yang sering memicu kekerasan dan perang! 

Berbagai kelompok etnis dan suku besar tinggal disini: Arab, Nubia, Beja, Fur, Nuba, Dinka dlsb. Ini belum termasuk ratusan sub-suku dan klan. Kelompok Arab sendiri terpecah menjadi sejumlah faksi besar seperti Jalayin dan Juhainah yang masing juga terpecah lagi menjadi sub-sub klan yang kompleks. 
Kelompok agama/kepercayaan juga banyak di Sudan: Salafi, Islamis, Sufi, animis, Kristen, dlsb. Begitu pula partai politik: dari yang relijiyes sampai yang sekuler ada.

Karena masing-masing kelompok etnis-agama-politik ingin menjadi penguasa Sudan, maka mereka silih-berganti rebutan kekuasaan dan mengkudeta pemerintah.

Akibatnya, konstitusi dan undang-undang bolak-balik diganti, tergantung siapa yang berkuasa. Sejak 1983, rezim Ja’far Muhammad Nimeri memberlakukan Syariat Islam di Sudan yang kembali memicu Perang Sipil berkepanjangan. 

Menarik untuk dicatat, Nimeri sebetulnya seorang tentara sekuler yang awalnya pendukung Sosialisme dan Pan-Arabisme. Ia mengkudeta pemerintah pada tahun 1969 dan menjadi presiden sejak itu.

Tapi di kemudian hari ia terpaksa “hijrah” mendukung Islamisme dan menjadi penyokong kelompok Islamis radikal yang berafiliasi ke Ikhwanul Muslimin. Selama berpuluh-puluh tahun faksi Islamis radikal berkuasa di Sudan hingga tumbang tahun lalu. 

Kasus Sudan menjadi pengingat Bangsa Indonesia agar hati-hati dan strategis dalam mengelola kemajemukan, dan hati-hati terhadap kelompok radikal garis keras yang menyusup ke berbagai lini. Jika salah urus dan tidak hati-hati, bukan hal yang mustahil apabila Indonesia ke depan bisa bernasib seperti Sudan yang “mukanya” bopeng berantakan laksana bemo tertabrak metromini. 
Jabal Dhahran, Jazirah Arabia

PHP Dev Cloud Hosting

Pos terkait

Tinggalkan Balasan

Alamat email Anda tidak akan dipublikasikan. Ruas yang wajib ditandai *

315 Komentar

  3. Ping-balik: kaws rocks box
  294. Ping-balik: ทัวร์เกาะหลีเป๊ะ

  310. Welcome to our website, your top source for all the latest updates and updates on the broadcasting landscape in the United Kingdom. Whether you’re keen in TV, audio broadcasting, newspapers, or internet media, we deliver extensive coverage that keeps you knowledgeable about the key advancements and trends. From up-to-the-minute reports to detailed analyses, our team of experienced journalists and industry analysts work tirelessly to bring you the most reliable and current news – https://ukeventnews.uk/rhythms-of-the-soul-resonate-deeply-within-the/
    In addition to news, we provide informative features and opinion pieces that delve into the nuances of the broadcasting industry. Our articles cover a wide range of topics, including regulatory modifications, media ownership, and the impact of new technologies. We also highlight the accomplishments and challenges faced by media professionals, providing a platform for voices from throughout the industry to be heard and valued.
    Stay linked with the pulse of the UK media scene through our consistently updated content. Whether you’re a media professional, a student, or simply a media enthusiast, our platform is designed to accommodate to your interests and requirements. Participate in our growing community of readers and make sure you’re always in the know about the dynamic and always developing world of media in the United Kingdom.

    Balas

  311. Muitos analistas apostam que a queda de preços não seria tão agressiva, se alguns eventos possíveis de serem evitados não tivessem acontecido. Entre eles, está a falência do blockchain Terra e de sua criptomoeda, Luna. Na época, a empresa responsável pela plataforma estava injetando bilhões de dólares na compra de Bitcoin para criar uma stablecoin própria, mais ou menos nos moldes do Tether (USDT) e USD Coin (USDC). Porém, a baixa de preços da criptomoeda de referência e um modelo de negócios duvidoso levou a uma venda massiva de Bitcoins pela empresa e sua consequente falência. Portanto, é quase impossível que as criptomoedas sejam clonadas ou falsificadas. Além disso, algumas criptomoedas como o Bitcoin não são inflacionárias, isto é, não passam pela mesma desvalorização do dinheiro tradicional, pois há um número finito de criptomoedas que não pode ser ultrapassado.
    https://wiki-legion.win/index.php?title=Aplicação_de_bitcoins
    Por sua vez, uma moeda que acaba não sendo utilizada por muitas pessoas, caso não seja um ativo com valor intrínseco, como sal –que já foi utilizado como dinheiro–, tende a colapsar, visto que não terá utilidade alguma. Em meados de abril de 2024, teremos outra diminuição nessa recompensa, que passará a ser de 3,125 bitcoins por bloco. Em outras palavras, o processo chamado de ‘halving’, corta a recompensa pela metade a cada 210.000 blocos (~4 anos) até que os 21 milhões de bitcoins sejam minerados. Entretanto, não é possível afirmar se esse perfil é verdadeiro ou não. Além disso, os entusiastas dessa rede se valem do fato que os e-mails e mensagens enviados por Nakamoto são escritos em inglês, e sem qualquer falha, o que leva a crer que seria uma pessoa que tem essa língua nativa.

    Balas

  312. We hope this article helps you use Reddit with third-party apps on iPhone and iPad. However, it is likely that app developers will start charging you to use these apps to cover the API costs. Therefore, enjoy the free versions of the apps for now, and if you like any of these apps, you can definitely buy the paid version of it eventually! In case you don’t know, Reddit is a huge forum site which has been around for over 15 years, featuring multiple “subreddits” (independently run forums) where you can talk about basically anything… from world news to porn and funny cats. Alright, this is the app people like to call “The Hookup App”. If you’re just trying to have a one-night stand, then go download this app and get to swiping. That’s my one tip before diving headfirst into this sea of crazy – do not use boring openers! If you came here to find some funny Tinder openers to use out on your matches, feel free to jump the gun and download my free list of 60 Funny Tinder Openers For Guys. 
    https://daltonjifa863950.suomiblog.com/zoosk-dating-site-43230410
    If you are looking for a dating app that embraces diversity and inclusivity for the entire LGBTQ+ spectrum, then you have found it. Do you think you could commit yourself to the cause too? If so, you just need to create a dating site that would attract visitors and encourage them to communicate with each other. Running a dating website can be rather lucrative if you manage to get enough people involved. But to start a dating service, you require either a professional programmer that will get the job done for you or powerful dating site software. Paid sites are better for meeting people and more suitable for those pursuing romantic, long-term relationships. While they often have smaller user bases than free sites, paid dating sites offer more functionalities and their users are more committed to finding a partner if they’re willing to pay for the service.

    Balas

  313. Copa America 2024BrazilColombiaOver 1.5 Goals CAGLIARI-TIPS | FREE TIPS FOR 30 06 2024 Copa America 2024BrazilColombiaOver 1.5 Goals Vitibet is not just about football. You can find basketball predictions today, tennis live, and even NHL predictions if ice hockey is your game. They even offer predictions for niche sports like handball and volleyball, making vitibet a one-stop-shop for all your sports betting needs. Vitibet is not just about football. You can find basketball predictions today, tennis live, and even NHL predictions if ice hockey is your game. They even offer predictions for niche sports like handball and volleyball, making vitibet a one-stop-shop for all your sports betting needs. Vitibet is not just about football. You can find basketball predictions today, tennis live, and even NHL predictions if ice hockey is your game. They even offer predictions for niche sports like handball and volleyball, making vitibet a one-stop-shop for all your sports betting needs.
    https://minecraftcommand.science/forum/discussion/topics/best-betting-tips-ever
    William Hill Sportsbook is a great option for the casual bettor who typically bets the major markets (spread moneyline total). However, everyone has their preferences and things they can’t live without. William Hill to their credit has actually done a wonderful job reinventing the product for the younger generation while maintaining the image of the veteran bookmaker. Do you remember how Buick spent the last ten years showing people confused that “THAT’s a Buick?” and using slogan’s like “Not your father’s Oldsmobile”? Well, William Hill didn’t do anything like that. They put a great engine behind one of the biggest names in gaming. The result is one of the best online betting menus, signup bonuses and promotions. Will Hill has a presence in nine US states and the Bahamas.

    Balas

  314. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. To get you started in dazzling style, Casino Classic is giving you a FREE CHANCE to become an instant millionaire on our exciting slot game: Mega Money Wheel, with the option of receiving 40 EXTRA CHANCES for only $1 on your first deposit. PLUS a huge 100% Match Bonus up to $200 on your second deposit. Here’s the details: There are more than a few online casinos operating in PA since the state legalized online gambling, so it’s easy to get lost in a long list of casino brands. We’ve gathered the best online casinos we could find so you can select your chosen site and get on with playing. Standout brands operating in PA include FanDuel Casino, PokerStars Casino, and BetMGM Casino.
    https://jobs251.com/author/thepasesjugg1977/
    If they sign up through your link and make a deposit, you’ll get rewarded with a crypto casino bonus, which is usually a no deposit bonus or a deposit match bonus. Sometimes, both you and your buddy get rewarded, so it’s a win-win for everyone involved. Botemania Casino Review And Free Chips Bonus This is where you should enter the bonus code KARSSEN150FS, you double the stake. This not only includes its generously appointed new player package but free play Sundays and its monthly cashback offer, the brick-and-mortar casino sector has been suffering. The winnings will be credited to the accounts of eligible players no more than 24 hours after the bet is placed, noticing a dramatic drop in annual revenues for the first time in decades.

    Balas

  315. Blend online gaming and live real money gambling in our Casino. Take a seat at our exclusive Live Casino tables for Blackjack, Roulette and more games for real money prizes to use on Slots and other live games. Si no estás teniendo éxito en las mesas de Monedas de Barrido con dinero real, slot Birds 81 juegos de casino en vivo estarán detrás de los juegos de categoría D. Mi mejor estrategia para dirigir tráfico dirigido a un sitio web para mis clientes es seleccionar los clics en el sitio web o la opción de Conversión y usar una opción de Tarjeta de Twitter, para atraer a aquellos que planean pasar un poco más de tiempo en la sala de juegos. Conecta con nosotros Vegas Live Slots: Casino Games
    https://www.cardigangolfclubkitchen.com/forum/general-discussions/instrucciones-para-jugar-poker-con-cartas
    © 2023 Casino de Asturias | Aviso Legal | Política de Cookies | Sistema Interno de Comunicación In the exhibit room, have exhibited works by renowned artists, such as Alex Alemany, Joseph Albero or Rossend Franch. Throughout its history, with its beginnings in 2009, the casino has hosted book launches, poetry readings, performances and exhibitions. A total of over a thousand samples of painting, sculpture, photography and literature. Gestión y Protección Contra Fraudes en Casinos en LíneaIntegre la tecnología blockchain y la protección de seguridad SSL, además de firewalls, módulos antifraude, motores de informes, sistemas de gestión de riesgos y funciones de seguridad KYC. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.

    Balas